Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm built around objects with associated data, known as attributes, and functions, known as methods.
There are 4 main class systems in R:
S3 : informally defined, minimal, lean: methods dispatch based on class; base and stats packages use S3 exclusively
S4 : formally defined, allows method dispatch on multiple arguments
RC : Reference class: Reference semantics; similar to other programming languages; methods are part of the object
R6 : 3rd party class system similar to RC, more lightweight, faster
S3 and S4 methods are part of generic functions. RC and R6 methods are part of the object, but you can (and should) write generic functions for them as well.
This chapter will focus on the ubiquitous S3 system. For more advanced, and real OOP applications, we recommend looking into the R6 system.
S3
Most R objects we have been using so far are S3 objects. Data frames are some of the most common S3 objects.
Generic functions are functions that act differently based on the class of the input object. We have already used many of them. For example, summary() data.frame, on a factor, or a glm object, etc.
Generic functions in R are saved as functionname.classname() and called automatically, based on the class of the first argument. This allows the same function, e.g. print() summary() c() print() print.data.frame() print.factor() print(iris) this calls print.data.frame(iris). ## S3 method for class 'factor'.
methods()
To get a list of all available methods defined for a specific class,“What functions can I use on this object?”
[1] [ [[ [[<- [<- $<-
[6] aggregate anyDuplicated anyNA as.data.frame as.list
[11] as.matrix as.vector by cbind coerce
[16] dim dimnames dimnames<- droplevels duplicated
[21] edit format formula head initialize
[26] is.na Math merge na.exclude na.omit
[31] Ops plot print prompt rbind
[36] row.names row.names<- rowsum show slotsFromS3
[41] sort_by split split<- stack str
[46] subset summary Summary t tail
[51] transform type.convert unique unstack within
[56] xtfrm
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
Conversely, to get a list of all available methods for a generic function, i.e. “What objects can I use this function on?”
[1] plot.acf* plot.data.frame* plot.decomposed.ts*
[4] plot.default plot.dendrogram* plot.density*
[7] plot.ecdf plot.factor* plot.formula*
[10] plot.function plot.hclust* plot.histogram*
[13] plot.HoltWinters* plot.isoreg* plot.lm*
[16] plot.medpolish* plot.mlm* plot.ppr*
[19] plot.prcomp* plot.princomp* plot.profile*
[22] plot.profile.nls* plot.raster* plot.spec*
[25] plot.stepfun plot.stl* plot.table*
[28] plot.ts plot.tskernel* plot.TukeyHSD*
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
Defining custom S3 classes
It very simple to assign an object to a new class.
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
The hierarchy of classes goes left to right, meaning that generic methods are searched for classes in the order they appear in the output of class()
If we print x, since there is no print method for class specialvector or for numeric, the default print.default()
[1] 0.209776267 -1.030360010 -2.683244314 -0.598582029 -1.557680867
[6] 0.313827842 -0.602322142 -0.271172064 1.401769625 0.861991410
[11] -0.437413971 1.790902173 0.573493437 1.137190595 -0.072726237
[16] 0.525097544 1.026344245 -0.614522088 2.065700592 -1.533935221
[21] -0.001201362 -0.924766045 -1.333183264 1.487372772 -1.714447665
[26] 0.811101690 -0.326313957 -1.033493055 0.498531452 -0.654595614
[31] -1.323221932 -0.520260785 -0.057443368 0.014895295 0.186655940
[36] 1.104104927 -0.108047008 0.638683649 -0.485648108 -0.337503611
[41] 0.667284319 -0.053608559 -1.036029579 -1.216171862 -0.294195055
[46] 0.367394626 0.461899033 0.225304085 0.294404233 0.731343123
[51] 1.109236886 -0.714347429 0.185405829 -0.293406452 -0.237118863
[56] -0.339854109 -1.539213781 0.542319069 -2.093494310 -0.844003284
[61] -0.548832516 0.487433059 -1.010726613 0.657532456 -1.003483053
[66] -1.494312404 0.003772973 0.698674329 1.872362809 0.390708593
[71] 0.253319807 -1.406966288 0.722706849 -0.404125639 -0.165836101
[76] 2.028698921 -0.832169885 1.124598629 1.654797508 0.309571227
[81] 0.484517143 1.480256040 0.708233545 -1.028914904 0.825996652
[86] 0.101659771 1.359229588 -1.130766061 0.604678258 -0.536529559
[91] 0.209734902 2.028629382 -0.230618920 0.304106177 0.484951142
[96] -1.130670260 0.948818902 1.196753795 -0.278766042 -1.611013089
[101] 0.041340196 -0.190446887 -0.076806208 0.321798026 0.409749040
[106] 0.624864732 -0.826982981 -0.134393768 0.703411775 -0.787159813
[111] -1.355966440 0.002857996 0.159362845 0.274773550 -1.959072908
[116] -0.007822947 -2.450454520 -0.222355574 -1.076532401 -0.299867765
[121] -0.816509715 -1.729425250 -1.215465332 -0.890949194 0.560203207
[126] 0.758755579 -1.358278160 -0.168206251 0.103618784 1.433714489
[131] 0.065091750 0.006726355 0.235408409 -0.352468394 0.712583489
[136] -1.264236773 1.286904081 0.827597277 -0.341173449 -0.402096755
[141] -0.419011737 -0.621626159 -0.186335760 1.704104927 -0.761226267
[146] -1.610189864 0.189666989 -1.826535381 0.615925609 0.781805245
[151] -1.544666009 -0.627798535 -1.149868342 1.298677843 1.318264410
[156] -1.385332983 -1.044893595 1.225805658 -0.898068094 1.217606589
[161] 1.767950539 0.048782953 -0.392547450 -1.612495105 1.540648605
[166] -0.802886758 1.379476268 -0.814655587 1.341139174 -0.181589255
[171] -0.214068157 1.756063241 -1.028762110 -1.880676486 0.274561855
[176] 0.454012700 -0.406668993 -0.630236006 1.496869494 0.067495367
[181] 2.767094441 0.990917427 0.832225889 -1.494982600 1.413677254
[186] -1.103304232 -0.465162937 0.183868035 -1.868030103 -0.117628001
[191] 0.622618798 -0.538036205 -0.209250379 1.586558380 0.243156875
[196] -0.157343114 -0.828315058 1.137439046 -0.752721143 -0.994831441
[201] -0.136005325 -0.816332177 0.783621130 -1.283490785 -1.368775376
[206] 1.894014939 -1.021640019 0.530346469 -0.924058879 -1.096467456
[211] -0.035692815 -0.526073443 -1.639758062 0.683840443 -1.017800245
[216] -0.347145587 -0.268729468 0.615028393 0.234242186 0.355570461
[221] -0.931370175 -0.456048706 0.159603005 0.297584151 -0.819127169
[226] 1.814704987 -0.919621772 0.930764506 -1.278293991 -0.201841918
[231] -0.766239862 1.564683127 -0.535781294 -0.079413161 -0.550550756
[236] -0.726147169 0.461158588 0.882758834 -1.524965209 -0.192229621
[241] -0.804709667 0.404939063 0.123041257 -1.051115447 0.037861251
[246] -0.418434602 -0.157761464 0.608247138 1.935948295 0.439617028
[251] -1.315815590 -1.049744475 0.062626692 -1.437133298 -0.704373190
[256] -1.271545005 1.354488702 -0.189403516 0.121320765 -1.248884701
[261] 0.664119909 -0.458592799 0.575632886 0.113649439 0.313584824
[266] -0.542918937 -0.425286662 0.719118760 1.475071183 -0.097469170
[271] -0.251228074 -1.354732521 -0.002491469 -0.776397056 1.247411198
[276] 0.492605892 -0.267694489 0.871749037 -0.667232411 -0.140691430
[281] 1.486316190 -0.570019533 -0.403186665 -0.934041159 -1.073216781
[286] 0.872836172 1.704860136 2.003395075 -0.444033625 -2.226245202
[291] -0.345753961 0.967543848 -0.801228219 0.022333057 0.713670594
[296] 0.823427572 -0.745086346 0.375469749 -0.153803946 -0.088924780
[301] 0.259511376 -0.438247550 -1.891592052 0.614138665 1.542204879
[306] 0.229570124 2.199194822 1.911824162 0.381447916 0.923876681
[311] 1.569124746 0.190471527 -1.101905591 0.840458813 -1.008612094
[316] 0.963839950 -0.588174466 2.197871622 0.400694457 0.166740003
[321] -0.466734546 -1.052854038 -1.061278642 -0.284756458 -1.294284060
[326] -0.510389063 0.201404878 -0.961955161 -1.247092174 0.868888724
[331] -0.489540788 -0.331229428 0.152316251 0.789382422 -0.564397285
[336] 0.055046019 1.136110879 -0.757379131 0.959280290 0.047797887
[341] 1.806710453 0.207651383 0.569587683 1.841049948 -1.148195373
[346] 0.362523725 1.096106336 0.127342694 0.316965098 1.510262277
[351] -0.515368794 -1.651867077 -0.274307944 -0.206056801 -0.132799054
[356] 0.486266173 0.198682364 -0.851692737 -1.547611328 -0.122007508
[361] 2.186625738 0.014164514 0.407606456 0.087655807 -0.853850289
[366] -0.676147617 -0.122072480 0.498902539 -1.242747849 0.089586503
[371] -0.514530984 -0.634893986 -1.774812727 1.784912793 -0.637310273
[376] 1.084788441 -0.989631955 0.434493324 -1.079552416 -0.114610837
[381] -1.296592068 -1.187866915 0.536017217 -0.075394770 -1.077972230
[386] -0.756981577 0.390582756 0.584742597 0.619748784 1.869386216
[391] -0.291140846 1.221008488 -0.411916659 1.086083140 -1.356417282
[396] 0.175486762 -1.357947323 0.768905836 -0.498909333 0.300724180
[401] 0.396712710 0.585741094 -1.189850881 1.016475479 0.644878243
[406] -0.994231870 -0.061679777 -1.211129558 0.273982970 -0.629107150
[411] 0.927984891 -1.328648007 0.353016309 -1.052833942 -1.071267008
[416] 1.237102443 1.767671357 0.234128097 -0.852850030 -0.479782204
[421] 0.395354668 -0.379406171 -0.834765993 -0.807492623 -0.182761438
[426] -0.392825961 0.813021641 0.128454022 0.464506136 0.232465453
[431] 1.578960891 1.544459873 0.946637343 -0.823675491 -0.087876937
[436] -1.895339800 -1.442775206 0.190212774 2.539674980 -1.065634557
[441] 0.312743919 1.771306739 0.122501166 -1.212779009 -1.922820603
[446] -1.573622650 -0.832564701 0.712097845 -0.357074508 2.344804647
[451] -0.360736805 -0.336356642 -0.513016734 -2.051495458 0.244611311
[456] -0.322820928 0.705821797 -0.840418026 0.413011890 1.566906425
[461] -0.792991398 -0.813543815 0.587609244 0.623640812 -0.327921615
[466] -0.273590178 0.586914426 0.010100460 -2.610325690 -1.058637105
[471] 0.755088178 0.286698683 0.060214560 2.366524395 -0.677956766
[476] 0.567952313 -0.378797682 0.365188354 -0.462094863 0.305380058
[481] -0.348759641 -1.177907417 0.706258975 0.663003657 3.141359262
[486] 1.288169859 0.146009164 0.940103400 0.346212458 1.245818519
[491] 1.141635494 -0.087997994 -1.410313418 0.953382149 0.292003485
[496] -0.234374052 1.622792536 -2.016317175 0.870201914 0.475444218
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
[1] 0.209776267 -1.030360010 -2.683244314 -0.598582029 -1.557680867
[6] 0.313827842 -0.602322142 -0.271172064 1.401769625 0.861991410
[11] -0.437413971 1.790902173 0.573493437 1.137190595 -0.072726237
[16] 0.525097544 1.026344245 -0.614522088 2.065700592 -1.533935221
[21] -0.001201362 -0.924766045 -1.333183264 1.487372772 -1.714447665
[26] 0.811101690 -0.326313957 -1.033493055 0.498531452 -0.654595614
[31] -1.323221932 -0.520260785 -0.057443368 0.014895295 0.186655940
[36] 1.104104927 -0.108047008 0.638683649 -0.485648108 -0.337503611
[41] 0.667284319 -0.053608559 -1.036029579 -1.216171862 -0.294195055
[46] 0.367394626 0.461899033 0.225304085 0.294404233 0.731343123
[51] 1.109236886 -0.714347429 0.185405829 -0.293406452 -0.237118863
[56] -0.339854109 -1.539213781 0.542319069 -2.093494310 -0.844003284
[61] -0.548832516 0.487433059 -1.010726613 0.657532456 -1.003483053
[66] -1.494312404 0.003772973 0.698674329 1.872362809 0.390708593
[71] 0.253319807 -1.406966288 0.722706849 -0.404125639 -0.165836101
[76] 2.028698921 -0.832169885 1.124598629 1.654797508 0.309571227
[81] 0.484517143 1.480256040 0.708233545 -1.028914904 0.825996652
[86] 0.101659771 1.359229588 -1.130766061 0.604678258 -0.536529559
[91] 0.209734902 2.028629382 -0.230618920 0.304106177 0.484951142
[96] -1.130670260 0.948818902 1.196753795 -0.278766042 -1.611013089
[101] 0.041340196 -0.190446887 -0.076806208 0.321798026 0.409749040
[106] 0.624864732 -0.826982981 -0.134393768 0.703411775 -0.787159813
[111] -1.355966440 0.002857996 0.159362845 0.274773550 -1.959072908
[116] -0.007822947 -2.450454520 -0.222355574 -1.076532401 -0.299867765
[121] -0.816509715 -1.729425250 -1.215465332 -0.890949194 0.560203207
[126] 0.758755579 -1.358278160 -0.168206251 0.103618784 1.433714489
[131] 0.065091750 0.006726355 0.235408409 -0.352468394 0.712583489
[136] -1.264236773 1.286904081 0.827597277 -0.341173449 -0.402096755
[141] -0.419011737 -0.621626159 -0.186335760 1.704104927 -0.761226267
[146] -1.610189864 0.189666989 -1.826535381 0.615925609 0.781805245
[151] -1.544666009 -0.627798535 -1.149868342 1.298677843 1.318264410
[156] -1.385332983 -1.044893595 1.225805658 -0.898068094 1.217606589
[161] 1.767950539 0.048782953 -0.392547450 -1.612495105 1.540648605
[166] -0.802886758 1.379476268 -0.814655587 1.341139174 -0.181589255
[171] -0.214068157 1.756063241 -1.028762110 -1.880676486 0.274561855
[176] 0.454012700 -0.406668993 -0.630236006 1.496869494 0.067495367
[181] 2.767094441 0.990917427 0.832225889 -1.494982600 1.413677254
[186] -1.103304232 -0.465162937 0.183868035 -1.868030103 -0.117628001
[191] 0.622618798 -0.538036205 -0.209250379 1.586558380 0.243156875
[196] -0.157343114 -0.828315058 1.137439046 -0.752721143 -0.994831441
[201] -0.136005325 -0.816332177 0.783621130 -1.283490785 -1.368775376
[206] 1.894014939 -1.021640019 0.530346469 -0.924058879 -1.096467456
[211] -0.035692815 -0.526073443 -1.639758062 0.683840443 -1.017800245
[216] -0.347145587 -0.268729468 0.615028393 0.234242186 0.355570461
[221] -0.931370175 -0.456048706 0.159603005 0.297584151 -0.819127169
[226] 1.814704987 -0.919621772 0.930764506 -1.278293991 -0.201841918
[231] -0.766239862 1.564683127 -0.535781294 -0.079413161 -0.550550756
[236] -0.726147169 0.461158588 0.882758834 -1.524965209 -0.192229621
[241] -0.804709667 0.404939063 0.123041257 -1.051115447 0.037861251
[246] -0.418434602 -0.157761464 0.608247138 1.935948295 0.439617028
[251] -1.315815590 -1.049744475 0.062626692 -1.437133298 -0.704373190
[256] -1.271545005 1.354488702 -0.189403516 0.121320765 -1.248884701
[261] 0.664119909 -0.458592799 0.575632886 0.113649439 0.313584824
[266] -0.542918937 -0.425286662 0.719118760 1.475071183 -0.097469170
[271] -0.251228074 -1.354732521 -0.002491469 -0.776397056 1.247411198
[276] 0.492605892 -0.267694489 0.871749037 -0.667232411 -0.140691430
[281] 1.486316190 -0.570019533 -0.403186665 -0.934041159 -1.073216781
[286] 0.872836172 1.704860136 2.003395075 -0.444033625 -2.226245202
[291] -0.345753961 0.967543848 -0.801228219 0.022333057 0.713670594
[296] 0.823427572 -0.745086346 0.375469749 -0.153803946 -0.088924780
[301] 0.259511376 -0.438247550 -1.891592052 0.614138665 1.542204879
[306] 0.229570124 2.199194822 1.911824162 0.381447916 0.923876681
[311] 1.569124746 0.190471527 -1.101905591 0.840458813 -1.008612094
[316] 0.963839950 -0.588174466 2.197871622 0.400694457 0.166740003
[321] -0.466734546 -1.052854038 -1.061278642 -0.284756458 -1.294284060
[326] -0.510389063 0.201404878 -0.961955161 -1.247092174 0.868888724
[331] -0.489540788 -0.331229428 0.152316251 0.789382422 -0.564397285
[336] 0.055046019 1.136110879 -0.757379131 0.959280290 0.047797887
[341] 1.806710453 0.207651383 0.569587683 1.841049948 -1.148195373
[346] 0.362523725 1.096106336 0.127342694 0.316965098 1.510262277
[351] -0.515368794 -1.651867077 -0.274307944 -0.206056801 -0.132799054
[356] 0.486266173 0.198682364 -0.851692737 -1.547611328 -0.122007508
[361] 2.186625738 0.014164514 0.407606456 0.087655807 -0.853850289
[366] -0.676147617 -0.122072480 0.498902539 -1.242747849 0.089586503
[371] -0.514530984 -0.634893986 -1.774812727 1.784912793 -0.637310273
[376] 1.084788441 -0.989631955 0.434493324 -1.079552416 -0.114610837
[381] -1.296592068 -1.187866915 0.536017217 -0.075394770 -1.077972230
[386] -0.756981577 0.390582756 0.584742597 0.619748784 1.869386216
[391] -0.291140846 1.221008488 -0.411916659 1.086083140 -1.356417282
[396] 0.175486762 -1.357947323 0.768905836 -0.498909333 0.300724180
[401] 0.396712710 0.585741094 -1.189850881 1.016475479 0.644878243
[406] -0.994231870 -0.061679777 -1.211129558 0.273982970 -0.629107150
[411] 0.927984891 -1.328648007 0.353016309 -1.052833942 -1.071267008
[416] 1.237102443 1.767671357 0.234128097 -0.852850030 -0.479782204
[421] 0.395354668 -0.379406171 -0.834765993 -0.807492623 -0.182761438
[426] -0.392825961 0.813021641 0.128454022 0.464506136 0.232465453
[431] 1.578960891 1.544459873 0.946637343 -0.823675491 -0.087876937
[436] -1.895339800 -1.442775206 0.190212774 2.539674980 -1.065634557
[441] 0.312743919 1.771306739 0.122501166 -1.212779009 -1.922820603
[446] -1.573622650 -0.832564701 0.712097845 -0.357074508 2.344804647
[451] -0.360736805 -0.336356642 -0.513016734 -2.051495458 0.244611311
[456] -0.322820928 0.705821797 -0.840418026 0.413011890 1.566906425
[461] -0.792991398 -0.813543815 0.587609244 0.623640812 -0.327921615
[466] -0.273590178 0.586914426 0.010100460 -2.610325690 -1.058637105
[471] 0.755088178 0.286698683 0.060214560 2.366524395 -0.677956766
[476] 0.567952313 -0.378797682 0.365188354 -0.462094863 0.305380058
[481] -0.348759641 -1.177907417 0.706258975 0.663003657 3.141359262
[486] 1.288169859 0.146009164 0.940103400 0.346212458 1.245818519
[491] 1.141635494 -0.087997994 -1.410313418 0.953382149 0.292003485
[496] -0.234374052 1.622792536 -2.016317175 0.870201914 0.475444218
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
To create a custom print() specialvector, we define a function named print.[classname]:
print.specialvector <- function ( x , ... ) { cat ( "This is a special vector of length" , length ( x ) , "\n" )
cat ( "Its mean value is" , mean ( x , na.rm = TRUE ) ,
"and its median is" , median ( x , na.rm = TRUE ) )
cat ( "\nHere are the first few elements:\n" , head ( x ) , "\n" )
invisible ( x )
}
Now, when you print an object of class specialvector, the custom print()
This is a special vector of length 500
Its mean value is -0.02106159 and its median is -0.05956157
Here are the first few elements:
0.2097763 -1.03036 -2.683244 -0.598582 -1.557681 0.3138278
If needed, you can call the default or another appropriate method directly:
[1] 0.209776267 -1.030360010 -2.683244314 -0.598582029 -1.557680867
[6] 0.313827842 -0.602322142 -0.271172064 1.401769625 0.861991410
[11] -0.437413971 1.790902173 0.573493437 1.137190595 -0.072726237
[16] 0.525097544 1.026344245 -0.614522088 2.065700592 -1.533935221
[21] -0.001201362 -0.924766045 -1.333183264 1.487372772 -1.714447665
[26] 0.811101690 -0.326313957 -1.033493055 0.498531452 -0.654595614
[31] -1.323221932 -0.520260785 -0.057443368 0.014895295 0.186655940
[36] 1.104104927 -0.108047008 0.638683649 -0.485648108 -0.337503611
[41] 0.667284319 -0.053608559 -1.036029579 -1.216171862 -0.294195055
[46] 0.367394626 0.461899033 0.225304085 0.294404233 0.731343123
[51] 1.109236886 -0.714347429 0.185405829 -0.293406452 -0.237118863
[56] -0.339854109 -1.539213781 0.542319069 -2.093494310 -0.844003284
[61] -0.548832516 0.487433059 -1.010726613 0.657532456 -1.003483053
[66] -1.494312404 0.003772973 0.698674329 1.872362809 0.390708593
[71] 0.253319807 -1.406966288 0.722706849 -0.404125639 -0.165836101
[76] 2.028698921 -0.832169885 1.124598629 1.654797508 0.309571227
[81] 0.484517143 1.480256040 0.708233545 -1.028914904 0.825996652
[86] 0.101659771 1.359229588 -1.130766061 0.604678258 -0.536529559
[91] 0.209734902 2.028629382 -0.230618920 0.304106177 0.484951142
[96] -1.130670260 0.948818902 1.196753795 -0.278766042 -1.611013089
[101] 0.041340196 -0.190446887 -0.076806208 0.321798026 0.409749040
[106] 0.624864732 -0.826982981 -0.134393768 0.703411775 -0.787159813
[111] -1.355966440 0.002857996 0.159362845 0.274773550 -1.959072908
[116] -0.007822947 -2.450454520 -0.222355574 -1.076532401 -0.299867765
[121] -0.816509715 -1.729425250 -1.215465332 -0.890949194 0.560203207
[126] 0.758755579 -1.358278160 -0.168206251 0.103618784 1.433714489
[131] 0.065091750 0.006726355 0.235408409 -0.352468394 0.712583489
[136] -1.264236773 1.286904081 0.827597277 -0.341173449 -0.402096755
[141] -0.419011737 -0.621626159 -0.186335760 1.704104927 -0.761226267
[146] -1.610189864 0.189666989 -1.826535381 0.615925609 0.781805245
[151] -1.544666009 -0.627798535 -1.149868342 1.298677843 1.318264410
[156] -1.385332983 -1.044893595 1.225805658 -0.898068094 1.217606589
[161] 1.767950539 0.048782953 -0.392547450 -1.612495105 1.540648605
[166] -0.802886758 1.379476268 -0.814655587 1.341139174 -0.181589255
[171] -0.214068157 1.756063241 -1.028762110 -1.880676486 0.274561855
[176] 0.454012700 -0.406668993 -0.630236006 1.496869494 0.067495367
[181] 2.767094441 0.990917427 0.832225889 -1.494982600 1.413677254
[186] -1.103304232 -0.465162937 0.183868035 -1.868030103 -0.117628001
[191] 0.622618798 -0.538036205 -0.209250379 1.586558380 0.243156875
[196] -0.157343114 -0.828315058 1.137439046 -0.752721143 -0.994831441
[201] -0.136005325 -0.816332177 0.783621130 -1.283490785 -1.368775376
[206] 1.894014939 -1.021640019 0.530346469 -0.924058879 -1.096467456
[211] -0.035692815 -0.526073443 -1.639758062 0.683840443 -1.017800245
[216] -0.347145587 -0.268729468 0.615028393 0.234242186 0.355570461
[221] -0.931370175 -0.456048706 0.159603005 0.297584151 -0.819127169
[226] 1.814704987 -0.919621772 0.930764506 -1.278293991 -0.201841918
[231] -0.766239862 1.564683127 -0.535781294 -0.079413161 -0.550550756
[236] -0.726147169 0.461158588 0.882758834 -1.524965209 -0.192229621
[241] -0.804709667 0.404939063 0.123041257 -1.051115447 0.037861251
[246] -0.418434602 -0.157761464 0.608247138 1.935948295 0.439617028
[251] -1.315815590 -1.049744475 0.062626692 -1.437133298 -0.704373190
[256] -1.271545005 1.354488702 -0.189403516 0.121320765 -1.248884701
[261] 0.664119909 -0.458592799 0.575632886 0.113649439 0.313584824
[266] -0.542918937 -0.425286662 0.719118760 1.475071183 -0.097469170
[271] -0.251228074 -1.354732521 -0.002491469 -0.776397056 1.247411198
[276] 0.492605892 -0.267694489 0.871749037 -0.667232411 -0.140691430
[281] 1.486316190 -0.570019533 -0.403186665 -0.934041159 -1.073216781
[286] 0.872836172 1.704860136 2.003395075 -0.444033625 -2.226245202
[291] -0.345753961 0.967543848 -0.801228219 0.022333057 0.713670594
[296] 0.823427572 -0.745086346 0.375469749 -0.153803946 -0.088924780
[301] 0.259511376 -0.438247550 -1.891592052 0.614138665 1.542204879
[306] 0.229570124 2.199194822 1.911824162 0.381447916 0.923876681
[311] 1.569124746 0.190471527 -1.101905591 0.840458813 -1.008612094
[316] 0.963839950 -0.588174466 2.197871622 0.400694457 0.166740003
[321] -0.466734546 -1.052854038 -1.061278642 -0.284756458 -1.294284060
[326] -0.510389063 0.201404878 -0.961955161 -1.247092174 0.868888724
[331] -0.489540788 -0.331229428 0.152316251 0.789382422 -0.564397285
[336] 0.055046019 1.136110879 -0.757379131 0.959280290 0.047797887
[341] 1.806710453 0.207651383 0.569587683 1.841049948 -1.148195373
[346] 0.362523725 1.096106336 0.127342694 0.316965098 1.510262277
[351] -0.515368794 -1.651867077 -0.274307944 -0.206056801 -0.132799054
[356] 0.486266173 0.198682364 -0.851692737 -1.547611328 -0.122007508
[361] 2.186625738 0.014164514 0.407606456 0.087655807 -0.853850289
[366] -0.676147617 -0.122072480 0.498902539 -1.242747849 0.089586503
[371] -0.514530984 -0.634893986 -1.774812727 1.784912793 -0.637310273
[376] 1.084788441 -0.989631955 0.434493324 -1.079552416 -0.114610837
[381] -1.296592068 -1.187866915 0.536017217 -0.075394770 -1.077972230
[386] -0.756981577 0.390582756 0.584742597 0.619748784 1.869386216
[391] -0.291140846 1.221008488 -0.411916659 1.086083140 -1.356417282
[396] 0.175486762 -1.357947323 0.768905836 -0.498909333 0.300724180
[401] 0.396712710 0.585741094 -1.189850881 1.016475479 0.644878243
[406] -0.994231870 -0.061679777 -1.211129558 0.273982970 -0.629107150
[411] 0.927984891 -1.328648007 0.353016309 -1.052833942 -1.071267008
[416] 1.237102443 1.767671357 0.234128097 -0.852850030 -0.479782204
[421] 0.395354668 -0.379406171 -0.834765993 -0.807492623 -0.182761438
[426] -0.392825961 0.813021641 0.128454022 0.464506136 0.232465453
[431] 1.578960891 1.544459873 0.946637343 -0.823675491 -0.087876937
[436] -1.895339800 -1.442775206 0.190212774 2.539674980 -1.065634557
[441] 0.312743919 1.771306739 0.122501166 -1.212779009 -1.922820603
[446] -1.573622650 -0.832564701 0.712097845 -0.357074508 2.344804647
[451] -0.360736805 -0.336356642 -0.513016734 -2.051495458 0.244611311
[456] -0.322820928 0.705821797 -0.840418026 0.413011890 1.566906425
[461] -0.792991398 -0.813543815 0.587609244 0.623640812 -0.327921615
[466] -0.273590178 0.586914426 0.010100460 -2.610325690 -1.058637105
[471] 0.755088178 0.286698683 0.060214560 2.366524395 -0.677956766
[476] 0.567952313 -0.378797682 0.365188354 -0.462094863 0.305380058
[481] -0.348759641 -1.177907417 0.706258975 0.663003657 3.141359262
[486] 1.288169859 0.146009164 0.940103400 0.346212458 1.245818519
[491] 1.141635494 -0.087997994 -1.410313418 0.953382149 0.292003485
[496] -0.234374052 1.622792536 -2.016317175 0.870201914 0.475444218
attr(,"class")
[1] "specialvector" "numeric"
You can change the vector back to a regular numeric vector, or a different class, just as easily:
[1] 0.209776267 -1.030360010 -2.683244314 -0.598582029 -1.557680867
[6] 0.313827842 -0.602322142 -0.271172064 1.401769625 0.861991410
[11] -0.437413971 1.790902173 0.573493437 1.137190595 -0.072726237
[16] 0.525097544 1.026344245 -0.614522088 2.065700592 -1.533935221
[21] -0.001201362 -0.924766045 -1.333183264 1.487372772 -1.714447665
[26] 0.811101690 -0.326313957 -1.033493055 0.498531452 -0.654595614
[31] -1.323221932 -0.520260785 -0.057443368 0.014895295 0.186655940
[36] 1.104104927 -0.108047008 0.638683649 -0.485648108 -0.337503611
[41] 0.667284319 -0.053608559 -1.036029579 -1.216171862 -0.294195055
[46] 0.367394626 0.461899033 0.225304085 0.294404233 0.731343123
[51] 1.109236886 -0.714347429 0.185405829 -0.293406452 -0.237118863
[56] -0.339854109 -1.539213781 0.542319069 -2.093494310 -0.844003284
[61] -0.548832516 0.487433059 -1.010726613 0.657532456 -1.003483053
[66] -1.494312404 0.003772973 0.698674329 1.872362809 0.390708593
[71] 0.253319807 -1.406966288 0.722706849 -0.404125639 -0.165836101
[76] 2.028698921 -0.832169885 1.124598629 1.654797508 0.309571227
[81] 0.484517143 1.480256040 0.708233545 -1.028914904 0.825996652
[86] 0.101659771 1.359229588 -1.130766061 0.604678258 -0.536529559
[91] 0.209734902 2.028629382 -0.230618920 0.304106177 0.484951142
[96] -1.130670260 0.948818902 1.196753795 -0.278766042 -1.611013089
[101] 0.041340196 -0.190446887 -0.076806208 0.321798026 0.409749040
[106] 0.624864732 -0.826982981 -0.134393768 0.703411775 -0.787159813
[111] -1.355966440 0.002857996 0.159362845 0.274773550 -1.959072908
[116] -0.007822947 -2.450454520 -0.222355574 -1.076532401 -0.299867765
[121] -0.816509715 -1.729425250 -1.215465332 -0.890949194 0.560203207
[126] 0.758755579 -1.358278160 -0.168206251 0.103618784 1.433714489
[131] 0.065091750 0.006726355 0.235408409 -0.352468394 0.712583489
[136] -1.264236773 1.286904081 0.827597277 -0.341173449 -0.402096755
[141] -0.419011737 -0.621626159 -0.186335760 1.704104927 -0.761226267
[146] -1.610189864 0.189666989 -1.826535381 0.615925609 0.781805245
[151] -1.544666009 -0.627798535 -1.149868342 1.298677843 1.318264410
[156] -1.385332983 -1.044893595 1.225805658 -0.898068094 1.217606589
[161] 1.767950539 0.048782953 -0.392547450 -1.612495105 1.540648605
[166] -0.802886758 1.379476268 -0.814655587 1.341139174 -0.181589255
[171] -0.214068157 1.756063241 -1.028762110 -1.880676486 0.274561855
[176] 0.454012700 -0.406668993 -0.630236006 1.496869494 0.067495367
[181] 2.767094441 0.990917427 0.832225889 -1.494982600 1.413677254
[186] -1.103304232 -0.465162937 0.183868035 -1.868030103 -0.117628001
[191] 0.622618798 -0.538036205 -0.209250379 1.586558380 0.243156875
[196] -0.157343114 -0.828315058 1.137439046 -0.752721143 -0.994831441
[201] -0.136005325 -0.816332177 0.783621130 -1.283490785 -1.368775376
[206] 1.894014939 -1.021640019 0.530346469 -0.924058879 -1.096467456
[211] -0.035692815 -0.526073443 -1.639758062 0.683840443 -1.017800245
[216] -0.347145587 -0.268729468 0.615028393 0.234242186 0.355570461
[221] -0.931370175 -0.456048706 0.159603005 0.297584151 -0.819127169
[226] 1.814704987 -0.919621772 0.930764506 -1.278293991 -0.201841918
[231] -0.766239862 1.564683127 -0.535781294 -0.079413161 -0.550550756
[236] -0.726147169 0.461158588 0.882758834 -1.524965209 -0.192229621
[241] -0.804709667 0.404939063 0.123041257 -1.051115447 0.037861251
[246] -0.418434602 -0.157761464 0.608247138 1.935948295 0.439617028
[251] -1.315815590 -1.049744475 0.062626692 -1.437133298 -0.704373190
[256] -1.271545005 1.354488702 -0.189403516 0.121320765 -1.248884701
[261] 0.664119909 -0.458592799 0.575632886 0.113649439 0.313584824
[266] -0.542918937 -0.425286662 0.719118760 1.475071183 -0.097469170
[271] -0.251228074 -1.354732521 -0.002491469 -0.776397056 1.247411198
[276] 0.492605892 -0.267694489 0.871749037 -0.667232411 -0.140691430
[281] 1.486316190 -0.570019533 -0.403186665 -0.934041159 -1.073216781
[286] 0.872836172 1.704860136 2.003395075 -0.444033625 -2.226245202
[291] -0.345753961 0.967543848 -0.801228219 0.022333057 0.713670594
[296] 0.823427572 -0.745086346 0.375469749 -0.153803946 -0.088924780
[301] 0.259511376 -0.438247550 -1.891592052 0.614138665 1.542204879
[306] 0.229570124 2.199194822 1.911824162 0.381447916 0.923876681
[311] 1.569124746 0.190471527 -1.101905591 0.840458813 -1.008612094
[316] 0.963839950 -0.588174466 2.197871622 0.400694457 0.166740003
[321] -0.466734546 -1.052854038 -1.061278642 -0.284756458 -1.294284060
[326] -0.510389063 0.201404878 -0.961955161 -1.247092174 0.868888724
[331] -0.489540788 -0.331229428 0.152316251 0.789382422 -0.564397285
[336] 0.055046019 1.136110879 -0.757379131 0.959280290 0.047797887
[341] 1.806710453 0.207651383 0.569587683 1.841049948 -1.148195373
[346] 0.362523725 1.096106336 0.127342694 0.316965098 1.510262277
[351] -0.515368794 -1.651867077 -0.274307944 -0.206056801 -0.132799054
[356] 0.486266173 0.198682364 -0.851692737 -1.547611328 -0.122007508
[361] 2.186625738 0.014164514 0.407606456 0.087655807 -0.853850289
[366] -0.676147617 -0.122072480 0.498902539 -1.242747849 0.089586503
[371] -0.514530984 -0.634893986 -1.774812727 1.784912793 -0.637310273
[376] 1.084788441 -0.989631955 0.434493324 -1.079552416 -0.114610837
[381] -1.296592068 -1.187866915 0.536017217 -0.075394770 -1.077972230
[386] -0.756981577 0.390582756 0.584742597 0.619748784 1.869386216
[391] -0.291140846 1.221008488 -0.411916659 1.086083140 -1.356417282
[396] 0.175486762 -1.357947323 0.768905836 -0.498909333 0.300724180
[401] 0.396712710 0.585741094 -1.189850881 1.016475479 0.644878243
[406] -0.994231870 -0.061679777 -1.211129558 0.273982970 -0.629107150
[411] 0.927984891 -1.328648007 0.353016309 -1.052833942 -1.071267008
[416] 1.237102443 1.767671357 0.234128097 -0.852850030 -0.479782204
[421] 0.395354668 -0.379406171 -0.834765993 -0.807492623 -0.182761438
[426] -0.392825961 0.813021641 0.128454022 0.464506136 0.232465453
[431] 1.578960891 1.544459873 0.946637343 -0.823675491 -0.087876937
[436] -1.895339800 -1.442775206 0.190212774 2.539674980 -1.065634557
[441] 0.312743919 1.771306739 0.122501166 -1.212779009 -1.922820603
[446] -1.573622650 -0.832564701 0.712097845 -0.357074508 2.344804647
[451] -0.360736805 -0.336356642 -0.513016734 -2.051495458 0.244611311
[456] -0.322820928 0.705821797 -0.840418026 0.413011890 1.566906425
[461] -0.792991398 -0.813543815 0.587609244 0.623640812 -0.327921615
[466] -0.273590178 0.586914426 0.010100460 -2.610325690 -1.058637105
[471] 0.755088178 0.286698683 0.060214560 2.366524395 -0.677956766
[476] 0.567952313 -0.378797682 0.365188354 -0.462094863 0.305380058
[481] -0.348759641 -1.177907417 0.706258975 0.663003657 3.141359262
[486] 1.288169859 0.146009164 0.940103400 0.346212458 1.245818519
[491] 1.141635494 -0.087997994 -1.410313418 0.953382149 0.292003485
[496] -0.234374052 1.622792536 -2.016317175 0.870201914 0.475444218
